Planting, care and cultivation of grapes in Udmurtia, description of the best varieties for the region
Grapes in Udmurtia are nonsense, planting and caring for them are strikingly different from what is practiced in places of its natural growth. Harsh climatic conditions - short summers and long, severe winters - leave a special imprint on the region's crop production. To grow a natively southern grape plant in such conditions, it is necessary to choose the right variety.
List of grape varieties that are optimal for growing in Udmurtia
List:
- Don Agate;
- Aleshenkin;
- Volzhsky;
- Delight;
- Far East Ramming;
- Sabo pearls;
- Sharov's riddle;
- Dawn of the North;
- Korinka Russian;
- Beauty of Nikopol;
- Beauty of the North;
- Crystal;
- Liepaja Amber;
- Madeleine Angevin;
- Malengr Early;
- Michurinsky;
- Moscow Stable;
- Muromets;
- Novgorod;
- Special;
- Memory of Dombkovskaya;
- Platovsky;
- Early Tsiravsky;
- Early Russian;
- Northern;
- Tambov Pink;
- Shasla Ramminga;
- Anniversary.
Characteristics of the best varieties
In a short summer, not all frost-resistant grape varieties able to mature. The presence of a short growing season in the description is one of the fundamental characteristics when choosing. For growing a vineyard in the open field, the winter hardiness of the variety is very important, and resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases for Udmurtia is not of particular importance. There are no pathogens of grape diseases in this region - mildew, oidium, they die in severe frosts, even if their strains are brought along with seedlings.
Growing conditions and frost resistance
A short but hot summer in Udmurtia and a snowy winter are sufficient conditions for obtaining high-quality grape harvests from open ground. From the day of the awakening of the vine to the harvest, no more than 5 calendar months should pass. 7 months a year winter reigns in Udmurtia. Since November, a thick snow blanket has taken the vine under protection.
It is possible to reliably prepare the vineyard for wintering if the growing season of the variety lasts no more than 130 days. Early maturing varieties that are resistant to frosts returning in spring can be considered the best choice.
Features of the structure of the bush
The aboveground and underground parts of the grape bush should develop organically - the root system should be able to penetrate up to 2.5-3 meters into the bowels of the earth, which is slightly below the freezing point of the soil. This will help the bush to overwinter without the risk of frostbite in the root system. The peculiarity of the roots is that their development continues in summer and winter.
The thickened (upper) underground part is the "head", its health affects the development of the aerial part of the perennial vine, the formation of bush arms. Thinner shoots extend from each sleeve. The number of sleeves depends on the characteristics of the variety - from 1 to 6 pcs. Shoots vary:
- Annuals formed in the current season.
- Matured - the gain of the last season.
- Fruit shoots - fruit buds are formed on them.
The leaves of different grape varieties differ in cutting into 3 or 5 lobes. The vine is a liana that clings to the support with thin curly shoots. The antennae are strong enough to hold the branches with the harvest on the trellis.
Grapes are a perennial plant, with an average fruiting period of 40 years.
Landing in open ground in summer
In summer, the root system develops intensively. This is the reason for planting bushes in the ground in a hot season. By the onset of frost, the end of the roots should reach a depth of more than 2 meters, where frost will not penetrate. In different grape varieties, the root system can withstand frosts from -5 to -9 ° C.
The dates for planting grapes in Udmurtia fall on the last days of May - the first ten days of June. The vine will begin to bear fruit only in the 3rd year.
Attention! Seedlings must be tied up, protected from the winds, but not shaded. The formation of the bush begins from the 2nd season.
Choosing a landing site and digging a hole
Soils not suitable for planting grapes, - swamp, flooded areas, salty soils. On other types of soils, the vine grows well and bears fruit. The trick of the Udmurt winegrowers is that they plant bushes on the south side of the monolithic brick fence.
So the plant is protected from the winds, and the sun has access to it. If there is no such fence, then they expose slate protection. The southwestern slopes are the best place for a vineyard in Udmurtia, here the rocks rising from the opposite side will serve as an obstacle to the winds. Melted water from the mountains flows down quickly, which means that the roots of the grapes will be protected from excessive moisture.
What to look for when choosing seedlings
The bark of the seedlings should be brown smooth, a greenish tint indicates that this is a first year. These seedlings have the best adaptability. The root system of grape bushes for Udmurtia should be distinguished by a powerful rhizome. There should be no damage to the bark, shoots.
How to plant
The method of planting - in a trench or in a separate hole, depends on the characteristics of the soil on the site. On loamy and sandy loam soils, planting holes are mainly prepared. In sandstones, plants are planted in a trench.
The width of the hole is not less than 1 m, the depth is up to 1.5 m. Depending on the spreading of the bushes, the selected variety, the interval for planting seedlings is chosen - 2 or 3 meters between plants in one row.
Seating by stepchildren
Having a vineyard on the site, in the summer you have to thin it out, pinch it - remove fresh shoots thickening the bush. Strong shoots will be a worthy planting material. Having cut off the shoot, it is necessary to free it from excess foliage; for this, all the lower leaves are removed. No more than 3 youngest leaves should remain on the cuttings.
Cuttings are placed in water in which "Kornevin" or "Heteroauxin" is dissolved, which stimulate root growth. Rooted cuttings:
- sink into shallow pits;
- sprinkled with earth;
- extra leaves are removed from them, 1 young and 1 rudimentary are left;
- the plant is covered with a transparent plastic jar, cut off by a bottle.
So the plant will have time to take root, take root.
Growing and care
The peculiarity of viticulture in Udmurtia lies in the fact that after the first summer season, a seedling of grapes planted in a pot is removed to a dark, cool place, and does not remain overwintering with adult plants. He will be there only for the second season, this is a necessary measure when planting grape varieties with an average winter hardiness.
Cut and form a bush
Covering crops need low pruning of shoots, due to this, the number of arms - fruitful shoots increases (maximum 7). In the first year, only 1 bud is left to form the vine, everything else is pinched or cut off at the beginning of summer.
By the time the bush is prepared for winter, more than 10-12 buds should not remain on the shoot, the side shoots are removed without regret. The next year the bush is strong enough to support the development of a second vine. By winter, it, like the first, is docked up to 10-12 eyes. As a result, there will already be 2 fruitful vines on a three-year-old seedling. In the third summer, the bush can be enriched with two more fruitful vines, increasing the yield of the 4th season. In the first 5-6 years, the structure of the bush is formed, then it remains only to maintain it.
Fertilizing the soil and foliar dressing
To maintain the strength of the bush at the initial stage of the growing season, nitrogen fertilizers are applied. After the formation of the ovaries, mineral fertilizing is carried out. Manure and humus are used as root top dressing. They are applied no more than once every 2-3 years when watering the plant before the winter cold.
Nitrogen-containing fertilizers are scattered around the stem of the grapes before watering. Foliar top dressing with mineral fertilizers is also performed. When planting seedlings, the fertile soil in the planting hole is enriched with humus and phosphorus fertilizers.
Irrigation of plants
Abundant watering is required for grapes at the beginning of flowering, the formation of ovaries, a set of juice with berries. Watering is not done a month before the harvest. Excessive moisture will make the crop sour.
Spring and autumn care
Pruning, moistening the soil, applying top dressing, harvesting dead or fallen leaves and fruits are mandatory stages of autumn and spring care.
In the fall, it is necessary to insulate by mulching the soil, creating fences and wrapping bushes.
Preparing bushes for winter
Simple, but not the most humane way:
- bend the vine to the ground;
- fix it with a metal tape, a bracket;
- cover with a layer of earth 10-25 cm.
Method for creating a multi-layer greenhouse:
- a tight plastic bag is put on the connected branches of the bush;
- sackcloth;
- The 2nd layer of plastic wrap is pulled together at the base of the plant.
For vineyards planted in lowlands, a more laborious method of winter protection is used - the construction of wooden temporary shelters, covered with roofing material outside - this is the best waterproofing of the vine from melt water.
Tying the vine to the trellis
It is necessary to tie up the vine before the juice starts to move, at this time it is more pliable and less vulnerable. When the vine is tied horizontally to the trellis, according to the observation of the growers, the clusters are more weighty, the ripening of the berries improves.
Preventive treatment
As a prophylaxis against fungal infections, a 3.5% solution of copper sulfate is used.
Harvesting and storage
Harvesting takes place at the end of September - October. Storage, transportability, processing methods entirely depend on the characteristics of the varieties selected for cultivation.
